الرئيسية
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Mr. Mustafa kamel2 السبت فبراير 28, 2009 8:45 pm[/left]
Grammar
Modal verbs
Necessity and lack of Necessity الضـــرورة ونقـــص الضــــرورة
with Present المضــــارع
It is necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
must – have to – has to + مصـــــدر
You must study hard. الإلـزام مـن جـانـب المتكلـم
You have to study hard. الإلـزام مـن الظـروف الخارجيـة
He has to study hard.
It is necessary to pay the money.
You must ( have to ) pay the money.
It is not necessary
lack of Necessity نقـــص الضـــرورة
needn't - don't have to - doesn't have to + مصــدر
You needn't study hard. must لنـفـى
You don't have to study hard.
He doesn't have to study hard.
It is not necessary to buy meat.
You needn't ( don't have to ) buy meat.
with Past الماضــى
It was necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
had to + مصـــدر
You had to study hard.
He had to study hard.
It was necessary for her to take a taxi.
She had to take a taxi.
It was not necessary lack of Necessity نقــص الضـــرورة
didn't have to + inf شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولذلـك لـم أفعلـه
needn't have + pp شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولكـن فعـلتـه
I didn't have to take a taxi. ( I didn't take a taxi )
I needn't have taken a taxi. ( I took a taxi )
It was not necessary for her to buy bread as I bought.
She didn't have to buy bread.
It was not necessary for me to buy milk but I bought.
I needn't have bought milk.
with Future المسـتقبـــل
It will be necessary
Necessity الضــــرورة
will have to + مصــدر
You will have to study hard.
It will be necessary to bring your car.
You will have to bring your car.
It will not be necessary
lack of Necessity نقـــص الضـــرورة
won't have to + مصــدر
You won't have to study hard.
It will not be necessary to buy food tomorrow.
You won't have to buy food tomorrow.
Should - Ought to + inf & Shouldn’t - Ought not to + inf
¬
+ المصـــــدر It is advisable to
Should =
It is desirable to
I advise you to
If I were you, I would
It would be a good idea to
it is a good thing to
You had better
You would rather
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نقـول أنـه مـن الأفضـل أن نفعـل الشـئ فـى المضـارع .
You should / ought to see that film if you get the chance.
= It would be a good idea to see that film.
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نطـلب أو نعـطى رأيـا عـن شـئ مـا .
A. Do you think we should / ought to ask before we borrow the car ?
B. I think you should / ought to look for another job.
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نقـول أن الشـئ غيـر صحيـح وليس ما نتـوقعـه .
Why are those students playing in the yard?
They should / ought to be inside the classroom.
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نقـول أن الشـئ محتمـل حـدوثـه .
I should be late at work this afternoon I have a lot of work to do.
Shouldn't + المصــــدر
ليـس مـن الصـواب أو المنصـوح بـه أن تفعـل الشـئ .
+ المصـــــدر It is not advisable to
Shouldn't =
It is not desirable to
I advise you not to
If I were you, I wouldn't
It would not be a good idea to
It is not a good thing to
You had better not
You would rather not
You shouldn’t stay up late.
= It is not advisable ( inadvisable ) to stay up late.
= I advise you not to stay up late.
Should + have + pp Shouldn’t have + pp
Should + have + pp
تلـوم شخـص على عـدم فعـل شـئ كـان مـن المفـروض أن يفعـله .
You should have told me you were coming. I didn’t expect you.
He should have helped his friend but he didn’t.
Shouldn’t have + pp
تلـوم شخـص على فعـل شـئ خطـأ كـان مـن المفـروض أن لا يفعـله .
He shouldn’t have parked his car in a no parking place..
He shouldn’t have driven on the wrong side of the street.
ملحوظــة :ـ يمكـن استخـدام ought to بـدلا مـن should ولكـن ought to لا تستخدم كثيراً فى النفى لذلك تستخـدم
Shouldn’t بـدلا منهـا .
Exercise
4- Rewrite the following sentences, using the word(s) in brackets:
1. It was necessary for him to take a taxi as he was late. ( He )
2. Is it necessary for him to attend the party ? ( Does he )
3. You mustn’t park here. There is a “No parking” sign. ( allow )
4. It’s necessary for us to take a taxi to get there on time. ( must )
5. You mustn’t smoke here. ( smoking )
6. Samira bought some eggs. At home she found plenty of eggs. ( needn’t )
7. It is not necessary to do your homework tonight. ( needn’t )
8. I advise you to work hard to succeed. ( should )
9. It wasn’t necessary for him to accept her invitation to dinner. ( needn’t )
10. Turn off the lights before going to bed . ( should )
11. Why did you come late ? ( should have )
12. You shouldn’t waste your time. ( advise )
13. Why did you smoke here? ( shouldn’t have )
14. I didn’t know the time of the meeting and you didn’t tell me. ( should have )
15. Why did you leave your bike here? ( shouldn’t have)
16. It is advisable to read a lot in your spare time. ( should )
17. Why didn’t you tell me the fact? ( should have )
18. It is inadvisable to waste your time in doing silly things. ( shouldn’t )
19. Rubbish mustn't be thrown in the street . ( Do not )
20. Don't put hot cups on this table . ( shouldn't be )
21. It’s very cold. He was walking along road without a coat. ( shouldn’t have )
22. It is not necessary that parcel yourself. The shop will send it. ( you don't )
23. It is not necessary to write the report today. ( have )
24. He took a taxi. It wasn't necessary to do so. ( have )
25. It is necessary for him to drive us to the cinema. ( had to )
26. It will be necessary for us to get up early. ( We )
27. It was not necessary to walk. He took us in his taxi. ( We )
Grammar
Modal verbs
Necessity and lack of Necessity الضـــرورة ونقـــص الضــــرورة
with Present المضــــارع
It is necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
must – have to – has to + مصـــــدر
You must study hard. الإلـزام مـن جـانـب المتكلـم
You have to study hard. الإلـزام مـن الظـروف الخارجيـة
He has to study hard.
It is necessary to pay the money.
You must ( have to ) pay the money.
It is not necessary
lack of Necessity نقـــص الضـــرورة
needn't - don't have to - doesn't have to + مصــدر
You needn't study hard. must لنـفـى
You don't have to study hard.
He doesn't have to study hard.
It is not necessary to buy meat.
You needn't ( don't have to ) buy meat.
with Past الماضــى
It was necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
had to + مصـــدر
You had to study hard.
He had to study hard.
It was necessary for her to take a taxi.
She had to take a taxi.
It was not necessary lack of Necessity نقــص الضـــرورة
didn't have to + inf شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولذلـك لـم أفعلـه
needn't have + pp شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولكـن فعـلتـه
I didn't have to take a taxi. ( I didn't take a taxi )
I needn't have taken a taxi. ( I took a taxi )
It was not necessary for her to buy bread as I bought.
She didn't have to buy bread.
It was not necessary for me to buy milk but I bought.
I needn't have bought milk.
with Future المسـتقبـــل
It will be necessary
Necessity الضــــرورة
will have to + مصــدر
You will have to study hard.
It will be necessary to bring your car.
You will have to bring your car.
It will not be necessary
lack of Necessity نقـــص الضـــرورة
won't have to + مصــدر
You won't have to study hard.
It will not be necessary to buy food tomorrow.
You won't have to buy food tomorrow.
Should - Ought to + inf & Shouldn’t - Ought not to + inf
¬
+ المصـــــدر It is advisable to
Should =
It is desirable to
I advise you to
If I were you, I would
It would be a good idea to
it is a good thing to
You had better
You would rather
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نقـول أنـه مـن الأفضـل أن نفعـل الشـئ فـى المضـارع .
You should / ought to see that film if you get the chance.
= It would be a good idea to see that film.
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نطـلب أو نعـطى رأيـا عـن شـئ مـا .
A. Do you think we should / ought to ask before we borrow the car ?
B. I think you should / ought to look for another job.
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نقـول أن الشـئ غيـر صحيـح وليس ما نتـوقعـه .
Why are those students playing in the yard?
They should / ought to be inside the classroom.
تستخـدم Should عنـدما نقـول أن الشـئ محتمـل حـدوثـه .
I should be late at work this afternoon I have a lot of work to do.
Shouldn't + المصــــدر
ليـس مـن الصـواب أو المنصـوح بـه أن تفعـل الشـئ .
+ المصـــــدر It is not advisable to
Shouldn't =
It is not desirable to
I advise you not to
If I were you, I wouldn't
It would not be a good idea to
It is not a good thing to
You had better not
You would rather not
You shouldn’t stay up late.
= It is not advisable ( inadvisable ) to stay up late.
= I advise you not to stay up late.
Should + have + pp Shouldn’t have + pp
Should + have + pp
تلـوم شخـص على عـدم فعـل شـئ كـان مـن المفـروض أن يفعـله .
You should have told me you were coming. I didn’t expect you.
He should have helped his friend but he didn’t.
Shouldn’t have + pp
تلـوم شخـص على فعـل شـئ خطـأ كـان مـن المفـروض أن لا يفعـله .
He shouldn’t have parked his car in a no parking place..
He shouldn’t have driven on the wrong side of the street.
ملحوظــة :ـ يمكـن استخـدام ought to بـدلا مـن should ولكـن ought to لا تستخدم كثيراً فى النفى لذلك تستخـدم
Shouldn’t بـدلا منهـا .
Exercise
4- Rewrite the following sentences, using the word(s) in brackets:
1. It was necessary for him to take a taxi as he was late. ( He )
2. Is it necessary for him to attend the party ? ( Does he )
3. You mustn’t park here. There is a “No parking” sign. ( allow )
4. It’s necessary for us to take a taxi to get there on time. ( must )
5. You mustn’t smoke here. ( smoking )
6. Samira bought some eggs. At home she found plenty of eggs. ( needn’t )
7. It is not necessary to do your homework tonight. ( needn’t )
8. I advise you to work hard to succeed. ( should )
9. It wasn’t necessary for him to accept her invitation to dinner. ( needn’t )
10. Turn off the lights before going to bed . ( should )
11. Why did you come late ? ( should have )
12. You shouldn’t waste your time. ( advise )
13. Why did you smoke here? ( shouldn’t have )
14. I didn’t know the time of the meeting and you didn’t tell me. ( should have )
15. Why did you leave your bike here? ( shouldn’t have)
16. It is advisable to read a lot in your spare time. ( should )
17. Why didn’t you tell me the fact? ( should have )
18. It is inadvisable to waste your time in doing silly things. ( shouldn’t )
19. Rubbish mustn't be thrown in the street . ( Do not )
20. Don't put hot cups on this table . ( shouldn't be )
21. It’s very cold. He was walking along road without a coat. ( shouldn’t have )
22. It is not necessary that parcel yourself. The shop will send it. ( you don't )
23. It is not necessary to write the report today. ( have )
24. He took a taxi. It wasn't necessary to do so. ( have )
25. It is necessary for him to drive us to the cinema. ( had to )
26. It will be necessary for us to get up early. ( We )
27. It was not necessary to walk. He took us in his taxi. ( We )
